How Is Spread Calculated in the Forex Market?
Chris Gallant, CFA, is a senior manager of interest rate risk for ATB Financial with 10 years of experience in the financial markets.
Updated June 30, 2022.
Reviewed by.
Reviewed by Gordon Scott.
Gordon Scott has been an active investor and technical analyst of securities, futures, forex, and penny stocks for 20+ years. He is a member of the Investopedia Financial Review Board and the co-author of Investing to Win. Gordon is a Chartered Market Technician (CMT). He is also a member of CMT Association.
Investing in the forex markets involves trading one currency in exchange for another at a preset exchange rate. Therefore, currencies are quoted in terms of their price in another currency. The forex spread is the difference between the exchange rate that a forex broker sells a currency, and the rate at which the broker buys the currency.
The foreign exchange market, with its daily trade volume of $5 trillion, has many participants, including forex brokers, retail investors, hedge funds, central banks, and governments. All of this trading activity impacts the demand for currencies, their exchange rates, and the forex spread.
Key Takeaways.
The forex spread is the difference between a forex broker's sell rate and buy rate when exchanging or trading currencies. Spreads can be narrower or wider, depending on the currency involved, the time of day a trade is initiated, and economic conditions. Brokers can add to or widen their bid-ask spread, meaning an investor would pay more when buying and receive less when selling.
Understanding Forex Trading.
Forex trading or FX trading is the act of buying and selling currencies at their exchange rates in hopes that the exchange rate will move in the investor's favor. Traders can buy euros, for example, in exchange for U.S. dollars at the prevailing exchange rate–called the spot rate–and later, sell the euros to unwind the trade. The difference between the buy rate and the sell rate is the trader's gain or loss on the transaction. Before exploring forex spreads on FX trades, it's important to first understand how currencies are quoted by FX brokers.
How Currencies Are Quoted.
Currencies are always quoted in pairs, such as the U.S. dollar versus the Canadian dollar (USD/CAD). The first currency is called the base currency, and the second currency is called the counter or quote currency (base/quote).
For example, if it took $1.2500 (Canadian dollars) to buy $1 (U.S. dollar), the expression USD/CAD would equal 1.2500/1 or 1.2500. The USD would be the base currency, and the CAD would be the quote or counter currency. In other words, the rate is expressed in Canadian terms, meaning it costs 1.25 Canadian dollars to buy one U.S. dollar.
However, some currencies are expressed in U.S. dollar terms, meaning the USD is the quote currency. For example, the British pound to U.S. dollar exchange rate of 1.2800 would be quoted as $1.2800 (dollars) for every British pound. The pound is the base currency and would be abbreviated as GBP/USD.
The euro is also quoted as the base currency so that one euro at an exchange rate of 1.1450 would mean it costs $1.1450 (in dollars) to buy one euro. In other words, the EUR/USD would be quoted by a broker as $1.1450 to initiate a trade.
How the Spread Is Calculated in the Forex Market.
Now that we know how currencies are quoted in the marketplace let's look at how we can calculate their spread. Forex quotes are always provided with bid and ask prices, similar to what you see in the equity markets.
The bid represents the price at which the forex market maker or broker is willing to buy the base currency (USD, for example) in exchange for the counter currency (CAD). Conversely, the ask price is the price at which the forex broker is willing to sell the base currency in exchange for the counter currency.
The bid-ask spread is the difference between the price a broker buys and sells a currency. So, if a customer initiates a sell trade with the broker, the bid price would be quoted. If the customer wants to initiate a buy trade, the ask price would be quoted.
For example, let's say a U.S. investor wants to go long or buy euros, and the bid-ask price on the broker's trading website is $1.1200/1.1250. To initiate a buy trade, the investor would get charged the ask price of $1.1250. If the investor immediately sold back the euros to the broker–which would unwind the position–the investor would get the bid price of $1.1200 per euro (assuming the exchange rate hadn't fluctuated). In other words, the speculative trade cost the investor $.0050 solely due to the exchange rate's bid-ask spread with the broker.
How Forex Spreads Are Quoted.
Below is an example of how a broker's quote for EUR/USD might look with the bid-ask spread built into it.
EUR/USD Bid Ask $1.1200 $1.1250 Sell Buy EUR/USD Bid-Ask Prices Example.
Spreads can be narrower or wider, depending on the currency involved. The 50 pip spread between the bid and ask price for EUR/USD (in our example) is fairly wide and atypical. The spread might normally be one to five pips between the two prices. However, the spread can vary and change at a moment's notice given market conditions.
Investors need to monitor a broker's spread since any speculative trade needs to cover or earn enough to cover the spread and any fees. Also, each broker can add to their spread, which increases their profit per trade. A wider bid-ask spread means that a customer would pay more when buying and receive less when selling. In other words, each forex broker can charge a slightly different spread, which can add to the costs of forex transactions.
How Exogenous Events Drive Forex Spreads.
Besides the broker, other factors can widen or narrow a forex spread.
Time of Day.
The time of the day that a trade is initiated is critical. European trading, for example, opens in the wee hours of the morning for U.S. traders while Asia opens late at night for U.S. and European investors. If a euro trade is booked during the Asia trading session, the forex spread will likely be much wider (and more costly) than if the trade had been booked during the European session.
In other words, if it's not the normal trading session for the currency, there won't be many traders involved in that currency, causing a lack of liquidity. If the market isn't liquid, it means that the currency isn't easily bought and sold since there aren't enough market participants. As a result, forex brokers widen their spreads to account for the risk of a loss if they can't get out of their position.
Events and Volatility.
Economic and geopolitical events can drive forex spreads wider as well. If the unemployment rate for the U.S. comes out much higher than anticipated, for example, the dollar against most currencies would likely weaken or lose value. The forex market can move abruptly and be quite volatile during periods when events are occurring. As a result, forex spreads can be extremely wide during events since exchange rates can fluctuate so wildly (called extreme volatility). Periods of event-driven volatility can be challenging for a forex broker to pin down the actual exchange rate, which leads them to charge a wider spread to account for the added risk of loss.